How long does it take to read Exit, Voice, and Loyalty?
Albert O. Hirschman
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty by Albert O. Hirschman takes about 2 hours 58 minutes to read at 250 words a minute.
About 2 hours 58 minutes
An evening's read
First published 1970. 162 pages, about 44,550 words.
6 days at 30 minutes a day
Estimate based on 275 words per page.
At other speeds
| Slow, 150 words a minute | 4 hours 57 minutes |
| Average, 250 words a minute | 2 hours 58 minutes |
| Fast, 400 words a minute | 1 hour 51 minutes |
The page count is the median across 4 editions, so your copy may differ. How we calculate.
About the book
An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, "exit," is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, "voice," is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change "from within." The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role. The interplay of the three concepts turns out to illuminate a wide range of economic, social, and political phenomena.
Subjects: Organizational sociology, Dissenters, Loyalty, Organisationsteori, Mislukkingen, Organisaties
